Thromboembolism can lead to ischemic damage in vital organs and, in severe cases, become life-threatening. A major challenge in its treatment is that, despite conventional clinical therapies, thromboembolic occlusions in the microvasculature often persist, making them difficult to remove completely and effectively, with limited improvement in patient outcomes. In this study, a novel approach to treating microvascular thromboembolism is proposed by utilizing the imaging and photothermal properties of quantum dots. Using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) as a controlled-release carrier, the nanoprobes are functionalized with arginine-glycine-aspartate sequence (RGD) (specifically target αIIbβ3 integrin receptors on activated platelets) and are loaded internally with Ag₂Te quantum dots and perfluoropentane (PFP) (thrombolysis enhancement via cavitation). The Ag₂Te quantum dot-based nanoprobes responsive to both ultrasound and near-infrared (NIR) irradiation are developed, establishing a dual-modal diagnostic and therapeutic system for addressing microvascular thromboembolism. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, along with safety evaluations, these nanoprobes, which are successfully developed, capitalize on the superior NIR imaging and photothermal thrombolytic capabilities of Ag₂Te quantum dots. The RGD/Ag₂Te/PFP@MSN nanoprobe enables targeted, precise tracking and synergistic dual-modal thrombolysis for microvascular thromboembolism. The study highlights the significant translational potential of this approach for the diagnosis and treatment of thromboembolic conditions.